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The present paper intends to provide an overview and a critical assessment of the administrative simplification policies implemented in Portugal over the past 20+ years. Throughout these decades, the major instruments for administrative simplification have been: (i) Decree-Law n. 135/99, of 22 April; (ii) the Simplex programme; (iii) the 2015 new Code of Administrative Procedure and its 2021 amendment; and (iv) the COVID-19 legislation. Although Decree-Law n. 135/99 (i) was the first attempt to specifically address simplification, it was a very thin one. The Simplex programme (ii), created in 2006, was the first cross-sectoral robust policy of simplification; its motto is "the simpler the better" and it encompassed reforms in all government areas aiming at cutting red tape, promoting administrative efficiency, and making the citizens' and the corporations' lives easier when dealing with State. The new Code of Administrative Procedure (iii), approved in 2015, brought about specific normative solutions to simplify procedures, namely, prior communications, administrative assistance, procedural conferences, and the electronic one-stop shop. Finally, the COVID-19 legislation (iv) was made necessary by the COVID-19 pandemic and by the fact that public health restrictions made it impossible for citizens to establish personal contact with the administration in many cases.

The present paper intends to provide an overview and a critical assessment of the administrative simplification policies implemented in Portugal over the past 20+ years. Throughout these decades, the major instruments for administrative simplification have been: (i) Decree-Law n. 135/99, of 22 April; (ii) the Simplex programme; (iii) the 2015 new Code of Administrative Procedure and its 2021 amendment; and (iv) the COVID-19 legislation. Although Decree-Law n. 135/99 (i) was the first attempt to specifically address simplification, it was a very thin one. The Simplex programme (ii), created in 2006, was the first cross-sectoral robust policy of simplification; its motto is "the simpler the better" and it encompassed reforms in all government areas aiming at cutting red tape, promoting administrative efficiency, and making the citizens' and the corporations' lives easier when dealing with State. The new Code of Administrative Procedure (iii), approved in 2015, brought about specific normative solutions to simplify procedures, namely, prior communications, administrative assistance, procedural conferences, and the electronic one-stop shop. Finally, the COVID-19 legislation (iv) was made necessary by the COVID-19 pandemic and by the fact that public health restrictions made it impossible for citizens to establish personal contact with the administration in many cases.

Every system that manages or assesses biodiversity rests on a simplification of its complexity. The simplification of biodiversity is debatable and difficult; even, for example, regarding the elements on which the assessment and management should focus. Nevertheless, within law, there are assessment and management schemes that are based on a simplified understanding of the meaning of [the construct of] 'biodiversity'. For example, the Ecosystem Approach, European Union (EU) Habitats Directive, and the EU Water Framework Directive try to assess the status of different biodiversity elements based on their different 'biodiversity' simplifications. As the conservation of biodiversity is a vital global question, it is important to include the right elements within the 'biodiversity' construct to achieve no net loss. Based on international and EU law, I conceptualize a consistent legal simplification of 'biodiversity'.

Every system that manages or assesses biodiversity rests on a simplification of its complexity. The simplification of biodiversity is debatable and difficult ; even, for example, regarding the elements on which the assessment and management should focus. Nevertheless, within law, there are assessment and management schemes that are based on a simplified understanding of the meaning of [the construct of] 'biodiversity'. For example, the Ecosystem Approach, European Union (EU) Habitats Directive, and the EU Water Framework Directive try to assess the status of different biodiversity elements based on their different 'biodiversity' simplifications. As the conservation of biodiversity is a vital global question, it is important to include the right elements within the 'biodiversity' construct to achieve no net loss. Based on international and EU law, I conceptualize a consistent legal simplification of 'biodiversity'.

AbstractThe theory of model simplification is presented as a means of increasing model understanding. Simplification is based on a selection of the behavior modes defined by the linearized representation of the model and results in a smaller and more easily understood model. To allow understanding, the variables in the simplified model must be easy to interpret relative to those in the original model. This interpretation is complete in an exact simplification, a concept used to derive measures of the importance of different variables in generating selected behavior modes. These measures are used to select which variables to retain and which to omit in forming the simplified model. Issues in the application to nonlinear models are considered, and software that facilitates model simplification is discussed.

This paper describes a proposal to extend the scope of planning permission in Great Britain so as to include virtually any works to listed buildings and scheduled monuments, demolition in a conservation area, and advertising. That would enable the scrapping of the separate statutory codes governing listed building consent, conservation area consent, scheduled monument consent, and consent under the Advertisements Regulations.

AbstractWhd could be accomplished by consolidation of the 415 local governments in the Chicago area. In Cook County alone there are 650 elective ofices.

The success of managing forest resources in Indonesia that it has not been massive yet, the track record of the progression has shown due to mindset of managing forest that tend to antisocial. Conservation area of Sorong Nature Recreation Park (TWA Sorong) can't be separated from its community and culture. This study aims to uncover social phenomenom of the people in TWA Sorong as the implication of community interaction with surrounding forest resources. This research based on constructivism paradigm with qualitative approach. The strategy used is case study strategy trough observation method, interview and desk study. The results shows in its historical development, TWA Sorong has asymmetric information phenomena betwen government and the community that can direct its status to an illegitimate legal condition. The community arround the area are more of the type of oral tradition and tend to post-truth so that in interpreting the objective truth of the law that tend to appear simplification of law phenomena. In the cultural context, there is shifting of culture phenomena which shows a shift in the meaning of customary rights which were originaly interpreted as rights that have religio-magical ties but nowdays it's interpreted more economically.